Category: Endocrinology
Prediction of Thyroid storm
Factors and precipitation and scaling of thyroid storm prediction Precipitating Factors (common triggers):Infection (e.g., pneumonia, urinary tract infection)Trauma, surgery (e.g., thyroidectomy, radioiodine therapy)Discontinuation of antithyroid medications in thyrotoxicosisMyocardial infarction, strokeDiabetic ketoacidosis, pregnancy, labor Clinical Features (Burch-Wartofsky Point Scale for diagnosis):Temperature >38°C (1 point per degree above 37°C)Heart rate >140 bpm (1 point per 10 bpm…
Osteoporosis , recent treatment update
Antiresorptive Agents (First-Line for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis):
diabetes recent study (2023 up)
Beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics: May increase or have no change in type 2 diabetes incidence. – ACE inhibitors and calcium antagonists: May decrease or have no change in type 2 diabetes incidence. – Rationale: Data from high-quality studies suggest variable effects on diabetes risk, with some drugs potentially exacerbating metabolic dysfunction. – Euglycemic DKA in…
SGLT-2 inhibitor for diabetes
Mechanism of Action: SGLT2 inhibitors block the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule, increasing urinary glucose excretion (UGE) and lowering plasma glucose levels. They also have beneficial effects on blood pressure, body weight, and cardiovascular outcomes. – Dosing: Empagliflozin: 10–25 mg once daily (start at 10 mg, max 25 mg). – Dapagliflozin: 5–10 mg…