In psychology, biases refer to systematic deviations from rational or objective thinking, often influenced by cognitive, emotional, or social factors. Here are some key types of biases from a psychological perspective:
Cognitive Biases: Errors in thinking that affect how we process information.
Confirmation Bias: Favoring information that confirms pre-existing beliefs and ignoring contradictory evidence.
Anchoring Bias: Relying too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.
Availability Heuristic: Judging the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind.
Overconfidence Bias: Overestimating one’s abilities or the accuracy of one’s beliefs.
Hindsight Bias: Believing that past events were more predictable than they actually were.
Emotional Biases: Influences of emotions on decision-making.
Optimism Bias: Believing that one is less likely to experience negative events than others.
Pessimism Bias: Expecting negative outcomes more than positive ones.
Affect Heuristic: Making decisions based on emotions rather than rational analysis.
Social Biases: Influences of social interactions and perceptions.
In-group Bias: Favoritism toward members of one’s own group.
Out-group Bias: Negative attitudes toward those not in one’s group.
Stereotyping: Generalizing characteristics about a group to individuals within that group.
Halo Effect: Judging someone positively based on one positive trait.
Horn Effect: Judging someone negatively based on one negative trait.
Memory Biases: Distortions in how we recall information.
False Memory: Remembering events that did not happen or misremembering details.
Rosy Retrospection: Remembering the past as better than it was.
Negativity Bias: Remembering negative events more vividly than positive ones.
Self-serving Biases: Biases that protect self-esteem.
Self-serving Bias: Attributing success to internal factors and failure to external factors.
Self-enhancement Bias: Viewing oneself more positively than is accurate.
These biases can significantly impact judgment, decision-making, and social interactions, often without conscious awareness.
Internist , Thai Board of Internal Medicine.