Beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics: May increase or have no change in type 2 diabetes incidence. – ACE inhibitors and calcium antagonists: May decrease or have no change in type 2 diabetes incidence. – Rationale: Data from high-quality studies suggest variable effects on diabetes risk, with some drugs potentially exacerbating metabolic dysfunction. –
Euglycemic DKA in SGLT2 Inhibitors (BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2023):SGLT2 inhibitors can cause euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), even with normal glucose levels. – Key risk factors: Low-carb diets, dehydration, and concurrent illness. – Rationale: SGLT2 inhibitors promote glucosuria, leading to reduced insulin demand and increased ketogenesis. –
Insulin Therapy Evolution (Endocr Rev, 2020):
Advances in insulin formulations (e.g., ultra-long-acting analogs) improve glycemic control and reduce hypoglycemia. – Rationale: Modern insulin analogs offer more stable pharmacokinetics and flexible dosing. –
Type 1 Diabetes Management (Harrison’s, 2025):
Emphasis on personalized care, including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and closed-loop systems. – Rationale: Technology integration enhances real-time glucose management and reduces burden. –
Genetics of Type 1 Diabetes (Diabetes in America, 2024):
Over 60 genetic loci identified, including HLA and non-HLA genes, influencing autoimmune risk. – Rationale: Genetic insights may guide risk stratification and future therapeutic targets.